Safety and Hazards in Oil and Gas Industry - 4535 Words

Occupational Hazards in Oil amp; Gas Industry Occupational Hazards in Oil amp; Gas Industry Dr Salahedin Bendak Nauman SharifU00015925 Mohammad Alghafri U00017849 15-May-12 Dr Salahedin Bendak Nauman SharifU00015925 Mohammad Alghafri U00017849 15-May-12 Design for Environment amp; Safety Engineering. Design for Environment amp; Safety Engineering. Table of Contents What is oil and gas industry? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦2 How oil and gas is drilled for? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Occupational Hazards †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦4 Occupational Hazards in Oil and Gas Industry †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Safety implementation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 What is oil and gas†¦show more content†¦The process of drilling for oil is classified into three segments; Primary, Secondary and Tertiary. Each is explained below in a condensed form: Primary During the primary recovery stage, reservoir drive comes from a number of natural mechanisms. These include: natural water displacing oil downward into the well, expansion of the natural gas at the top of the reservoir, expansion of gas initially dissolved in the crude oil. Secondary At some point there will be insufficient underground pressure to force the oil to the surface or the viscosity of the oil will be too high. Hence, secondary recovery methods are applied. Sometimes pumps, such as beam pumps and electrical submersible pumps (ESPs), are used to bring the oil to the surface. Other secondary recovery techniques increase the reservoirs pressure by water injection, natural gas reinjection and gas lift. Tertiary Thermally enhanced oil recovery methods (TEOR) are tertiary recovery techniques that heat the oil, thus reducing its viscosity and making it easier to extract. Steam injection is the most common form of TEOR. Here, a gas turbine is used to generate electricity and the waste heat is used to produce steam, which is then injected into the reservoir. Occasionally surfactants are injected to alter the surface tension between the water and oil in the reservoir, mobilizing the oil.Show MoreRelatedSafety and Hazards in Oil and Gas Industry4544 Words   |  19 PagesOccupational Hazards in Oil amp; Gas Industry Occupational Hazards in Oil amp; Gas Industry Dr Salahedin Bendak Nauman SharifU00015925 Mohammad Alghafri U00017849 15-May-12 Dr Salahedin Bendak Nauman SharifU00015925 Mohammad Alghafri U00017849 15-May-12 Design for Environment amp; Safety Engineering. Design for Environment amp; Safety Engineering. Table of Contents What is oil and gas industry? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦2 How oil and gas is drilled for? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Occupational Hazards †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreOil and Gas Ohs1703 Words   |  7 PagesSAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY Author : Subhrajit Bose Managing Partner / Lead Architect Sustainability – NextLink Solutions 3 2 1 Introduction: Safety and health management is one of the vital constituents of Oil and Gas industry activities because most of the operational conditions, chemicals and end products (hydrocarbons and other compounds) associated with Oil and Gas production are well known to pose serious safety and health threats to the workersRead MoreCauses Of Accupational Health And Safety In The Energy Industry1281 Words   |  6 Pagesof oil and gas sector, is rapidly growing because of horizontal drilling and high volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF). This growth has resulted in creation of new jobs and booming of the economy. The sector occupational accident rate is two and half times greater than the construction sector and seven times greater than general industry; though, injury rates are lesser compare to construction section, suggesting injuries are not being reported. Workers are exposed to different kinds of hazards; someRead MoreOil And Gas Production And The Effect On The Environment1713 Words   |  7 PagesDavid Muhizi Mberwa Petroleum Fundamental Final Paper Fall 2015 Oil and Gas production and the Effect on the environment The aim of this report is to hypothetically evaluate how oil and gas production can affect our environment. The purpose is to recognize the issues such as pollution, water infection and soil deterioration caused by the extraction of precious fluids for both onshore and offshore production. Then identify its negative effect on the health, economy, and environment change of theRead MoreA Business Of Oil And Gas Exploration2355 Words   |  10 PagesCHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Just as the business of oil and gas exploration and production is capital and human intensive (Johnson, 2006), so is the risk. The human risk is underscored by the high fatality rate experienced in the sector (Mode Conway, 2008), which by far is greater than that of other industries like construction, automobiles and the general industry within the period of 2003 to 2013 (Cole, 2003). With the advancement in the oil and gas exploration technology, more companies are investingRead MoreEconomic Concerns Of Deepwater Completions And Workover Essay1444 Words   |  6 Pagescompletions are similar to other oil and gas well drilling operations. Extemporaneous releases of hydrocarbons to the environment can occur during drilling or completion of the well. Macondo was not the first oil spill accident in offshore platforms, and will not be the last either. Oil spill is the main reason of environmental hazard with the flow of tons of oil into the sea water degrading marine and wildlife. Whil e oil spilling is a regular phenomenon in the offshore industry (498 blowouts worldwide duringRead MoreRisk Assessment And Action Plan1646 Words   |  7 Pages Energy Risk â€Æ' Energy Risk Being risk averse in an industry plagued with risk is a difficult task. However, identifying and managing risk is crucial in the capital intensive energy industry. Effective risk management leads to increased revenues, decreased costs and capital, and can propel a business to success. The information outlined will offer a discussion of how to identify and mange areas of risk and additionally, detail a process flow for successful implementation. Identifying AreasRead MoreSafety Culture A Viable Method Of For Directing Worker s Beliefs, Approaches, And Performances Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesSafety Culture A viable method of for directing worker’s beliefs, approaches, and performances regarding organizational safety. Sukadarin et al. 2012 The collective and knowledgeable implication, experiences and understanding of job and safety, spoken partly characteristically and also includes peoples’ guidance. Ritcher and Koch 2004, Sukadarin et al. 2012 It includes shared values and beliefs which interact with structure and control systems of an organization to yield social standards.Read MoreProcess Safety Management Process in Oiland Gas Industry Essay2653 Words   |  11 Pages1.0 INTRODUCTION Process Safety Management in oil and gas operations involves a risk management system that focuses on identifying and controlling the hazards arising from oil and gas Processes.Process safety management in oil and gas operations has proven quite a big challenge for oil and gas operators and stake holders involved in the industry. Oil gas and operations involves a complex process that is characterised with hazardous substances, if not controlled and managed properly could leadRead MoreInvestigating The External Factors That Act As Major Threats Facing Exxonmobil1553 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious standards issued to protect the safety of workers and the environment. Violation of these standards has resulted in serious injuries to workers and pollution to the surrounding environment in which the company operates. Agencies such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have imposed stiff fines and lawsuits against ExxonMob il for such violations. Operational Hazards While safety standards have been put into place by the

Job Stress - 3148 Words

Over the past few decades, many people are hearing more about job related stress. With many households depending on duel incomes, people are working more and having less leisure time. Many claim that job stress has contributed to such illnesses as heart disease, depression, gastric problems, exhaustion, and many other related illnesses. This paper will focus on the background issues surrounding stress; as well as, the steps that need to be taken by one#8217;s self and the employer. According to The Random House Dictionary, stress is defined as #8220;physical, mental, or emotional tension.#8221; Job stress occurs when demands are imposed upon the workers in which they can not meet those demands, or when there are not†¦show more content†¦136). At stage four, one can experience problems getting through the day. Once-pleasant activities become quite difficult, and the ability to communicate in social affairs or talking with friends becomes quite burdensome. There is more d ifficulty sleeping with the occurrence of unpleasant King 4 dreams. The stressed individual develops a feeling of negativism, inability to concentrate, and nameless fears. Stage five is represented by a deepening of the stage four symptoms along with extreme fatigue (Bensahel et al., 1984, p. 137). The final stage can produce terrifying symptoms. This can include heart pounding and panic caused by release of adrenaline. There is often gasping for breath, trembling, shivering, sweating, numb and tingling hands and feet, and sheer exhaustion. The symptoms of stress are frequently conflicting and confusing. #8220;The stress disorder is essentially a step-by-step exhaustion of the body#8217;s fuel reserves#8221; (Bensahel et al., 1984, p. 139) During the early 1980s, workers compensation claims nearly tripled for those reporting stress related illness due to work (Schor, 1991, p. 11). There has been a dramatic increase in the number of stress related illnesses, particula rly among women. Jobs have been a major contributing factor to this stress. Only one-forth of wives with children held paying jobs outside the home in the 1960s. By the 1990s, two-thirds of American wivesShow MoreRelated Job Stress Essay3039 Words   |  13 Pagesmore about job related stress. With many households depending on duel incomes, people are working more and having less leisure time. Many claim that job stress has contributed to such illnesses as heart disease, depression, gastric problems, exhaustion, and many other related illnesses. This paper will focus on the background issues surrounding stress; as well as, the steps that need to be taken by oneamp;#8217;s self and the employer. According to The Random House Dictionary, stress is definedRead MoreJob Stress : An Essential Component Of Communication1635 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered to be one such profession. Over the last 10 years, nurses consistently reported the highest levels of job stress out of all healthcare professionals (American Nurse Association, 2011). Job stress is noted to cause harmful physical, psychological and emotional responses which occur when the needs of the job do not meet the needs of the worker. Amongst nurses, the highest sources of stress are due to the heavy workload, poor management, professional conflicts, and the emotional demands of caringRead MoreJob Stress and Its Impact on Employee Performance18500 Words   |  74 PagesCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction to the topic People at work worry about all sorts of things; increasing competition for jobs, globalization, terrorism, looking after aging parent and relatives, annual appraisal, new technology, outsourcing of jobs along with increased demand of employer for higher productivity. These and some other factors make the employees experience certain pressures at times. Like they have to meet certain deadlines, cope with some unusual but critical situations on theirRead MoreAn Investigation into Related Job Stress and Job Satisfaction1050 Words   |  5 PagesCaribbean University to investigate the relation between job satisfaction and job stress among teachers. According to French Caplan (1972) job stress is as a result of a misfit between an individual and their environment. Research topic: â€Å"An investigation into related job stress and job satisfaction† Job Stress Among Teachers Related job stress and job satisfaction have been a topic researched by several scholars and now by me. The issue of stress in the teaching profession as caused a serious concernRead MoreEssay about Job Stress1011 Words   |  5 Pagesmeeting. Day after day it is the same thing at your job and you have become highly stressed out. In my paper I am going to explain why job stress happens and ways that you can relieve it. One type of stress is job stress. Job stress is when the stressors involved are work related. NIOSH the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health states, job stress is the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needsRead MoreEssay on Stress and Its Effects on Job Performance2642 Words   |  11 PagesStress and Its Effects on Job Performance Who of you worrying can add a single hour to his life? Since you cannot do this very little thing, why do you worry about the rest? -Luke 12:25-26 Whether you are talking to a college professor, a nuclear physicist, a doctor or the fifteen year-old flipping burgers at your neighborhood McDonalds, a common factor that ties all of their very different jobs together is job-related stress. Stress comes in many forms and it affects people in manyRead MoreThe Impact of Job Stress on Employees’ Productivity in an Organisation1960 Words   |  8 PagesIMPACT OF WORK STRESS ON EMPLOYEES’ PRODUCTIVITY IN AN ORGANIZATION CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY There has been an increasing amount of talk about â€Å"employee stress† over the past decade. Quite what it is and how best to combat it are two aspects which are rather less-documented. Stress is a more subjective topic than most we have so far encountered. People may have widely differing views about its causes, impacts and, even, very existence. The workplace of the 21st centuryRead MoreThe Impact of Mental Illnesses and Health Problems from Work-Related Stress on Employees in Office Jobs2507 Words   |  10 Pagesand Health Problems from Work-Related Stress on Employees in Office Jobs Introduction Year after year a behavioral change began to impact her life; she became irritable, fatigued and gained almost fifty pounds. She was no longer fun to be around and isolated herself away from everyone. Her kids would ask if she was okay and knew something was wrong. The work-related stress and harassment she received from her bosses triggered symptoms of depression. The job took place at Unknown Healthcare whereRead MoreImpact of Organizational Structure and Culture on Job Satisfaction, Job Stress and Employee Motivation: a Survey of Existing Litreature15110 Words   |  61 PagesIMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND CULTURE ON JOB SATISFACTION, JOB STRESS AND EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION: A SURVEY OF EXISTING LITREATURE ABSTRACT Effectively managing human resources in the organizations is a big concern both for HR managers and the policy makers of the organization. To have a satisfied, motivated, less stressed performing workforce an organization must have consistency amongst its structure, system, people, culture and good fit with the strategy. In this paper an attempt has beenRead MoreJob Satisfaction, Work Attitude and Stress Tolerance of Public Elementary School Teachers3651 Words   |  15 PagesSCOPE INTRODUCTION Rationale of the Study Job satisfaction is simply how people feel about their jobs and different aspects of their jobs. It is the extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) their jobs. As it is generally assessed, job satisfaction is an attitudinal variable. In the past, job satisfaction was approached by some researchers from the perspective of need fulfilment – that is, whether or not the job met the employee’s physical and psychological needs

Economic Importance of Natural Resources free essay sample

The mineral resources constitute a vast potential wealth of our country and varieties of mineral resources are available in all countries namely; iron, manganese, mica, bauxite, gypsum, titanium, thorium, uranium, chromium etc. These mineral resources, when used, in a prudent and judicious manner have the powers to convert a developing country into a developed country. Iron: Iron ore plays a key role in the industrialization of a nation and some developing countries are found to be rich in iron ore deposits. Most of the iron ores are found nearer to the coal mines and other smelting materials. This advantage helps the country to produce iron economically. When any country is abundant with iron ores, it can enjoy a great value in the international market and those countries are capable of exporting iron mainly to other needy countries. Manganese: Even though manganese is not a major raw material for any industry, it is used in small quantities in almost all industrial units in their production processes. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Importance of Natural Resources or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For these reasons, the mineral is also called as jack of all trades. It is used in almost all the industrial units in small quantities. It is used in significant quantities in iron and steel industries, chemical and plastic industries and in the manufacture of dry batteries. Mica: Mica is a wonderful mineral and the mineral is an insulator for heat and electricity and on account of these reasons, mica is used in the electrical industry in a significant proportion. Bauxite: Bauxite is the main sources of aluminum and it is called a wonder metal because of the wide variety of its applications in many industries including aircraft industry. Bauxite deposits are found in many countries in the world. Gypsum: It is a mineral of great economic importance and it is used as a raw material in fertilizer industries and in the manufacture of cement. These two industries contribute significantly to the economic development of a nation. Thus, gypsum is a mineral of great economic importance. Titanium: Titanium mineral has a great economic significance and it is used in the manufacture of decorative paints and also in the manufacture of high speed steel. Thorium: Thorium is one of the mineral resources used in the generation of atomic energy and it is widely distributed in many parts of the world. Uranium: Uranium has a great significance in the generation of nuclear energy and uranium deposits are found in many parts of the world. Chromite: This mineral is used in the manufacture of stainless steel and chromium is obtained from chromium and it is used in the electroplating, dyeing and paint manufacturing industries. The economic importance of other minerals: Most of the non-ferrous metals including copper, zinc and tin have great economic importance. The silicon, limestone and clays are used in the manufacture of glass, pottery, tiles and pipes. These products find a large number of uses in the day to day life.

Jasper Jones as a Bildungsroman Essay Example

Jasper Jones as a Bildungsroman Paper Jasper Jones, a novel set in the mid-1960’s, is the story of an adolescent boy, Charlie Bucktin. It illustrates that making choices is a significant part of human behaviour. Individuals have to live with the consequences of their decisions. Studying this novel written by Craig Silvery in 2009, broadens an understanding of the process of choices and draws conclusions about the factors involved in coming of age. In other words, Jasper Jones is a bildungsroman. The main protagonist Charlie is best described as a wallflower, the improbable hero who seems to shy away from conflict and perceives the world on the basis of words written by the likes of Harper Lee and Mark Twain. Silvey’s extremely careful composition of Charlie aids and enables us to perceive the story on a highly un-biased, open-minded and impartial basis. Within the first chapter, Charlie is placed in an unfamiliar situation, challenging and awakening his initial thoughts on what is right and wrong, thoughts like â€Å"We have drowned her.† â€Å"We are monsters†. The youthful, sheltered boy who commits this act alongside the infamous Jasper Jones and begins his journey with an undying sense of doubt, but we soon see how Charlie perceives Jasper, his fellow accomplice; â€Å"I think he’s the most honest person in this town†. This bold bond, formed in secrecy, exposes young Charlie to ever-looming maturity, a window into a world that leaves the truth bare and reveals the faults that lie within the streets of Corrigan. Charlie has yet to experience this in its full force but Jasper’s presence prompts the rise of inquisitive questions in his mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Jasper Jones as a Bildungsroman specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jasper Jones as a Bildungsroman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jasper Jones as a Bildungsroman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A cry for help from the town’s half-caste misfit triggers the Charlie’s development into adulthood. We the reader get to see the gradual evolution of moral understanding that he endures as he observes the world the adults. This quote from just after the night he sees Laura Wishart’s body, â€Å"This night has pickpocketed m

Defining And Understanding Crisis Intervention Social Work Essay Essay Example

Defining And Understanding Crisis Intervention Social Work Essay Essay Example Defining And Understanding Crisis Intervention Social Work Essay Essay Defining And Understanding Crisis Intervention Social Work Essay Essay We live in an epoch in which crisis-inducing events and acute crisis episodes are prevailing. Each twelvemonth, 1000000s of people are confronted with crisis-inducing events that they can non decide on their ain, and they frequently turn for aid to crisis units of community mental wellness centres, psychiatric testing units, outpatient clinics, infirmary exigency suites, college guidance centres, household guidance bureaus, and domestic force plans ( Roberts, 2005 ) . Crisis clinicians must react rapidly to the challenges posed by clients showing in a crisis province. Critical determinations need to be made on behalf of the client. Clinicians need to be cognizant that some clients in crisis are doing one last heroic attempt to seek aid and hence may be extremely motivated to seek something different. Therefore, a clip of crisis seems to be an chance to maximise the crisis clinician s ability to step in efficaciously every bit long as he or she is focused in the here and now, willing to quickly measure the client s job and resources, suggest ends and alternate header methods, develop a on the job confederation, and construct upon the client s strengths. At the start it is critically of import to set up resonance while measuring deadliness and finding the precipitating events/situations. It is so of import to place the primary presenting job and reciprocally hold on short-run ends and undertakings. By its nature, crisis intercession involves placing failed get bying accomplishments and so assisting the client to replace them with adaptative get bying accomplishments. It is imperative that all mental wellness clinicians-counseling psychologists, mental wellness counsellors, clinical psychologists, head-shrinkers, psychiatric nurses, societal workers, and crisis hotline workers-be well versed and knowing in the rules and patterns of crisis intercession. Several million persons encounter crisis-inducing events yearly, and crisis intercession seems to be the emerging curative method of pick for most persons. Crisis Intervention: The Need for a Model A crisis has been dei ¬?ned as An acute break of psychological homeostasis in which 1 s usual header mechanisms fail and there exists grounds of hurt and functional damage. The subjective reaction to a nerve-racking life experience that compromises the person s stableness and ability to get by or map. The chief cause of a crisis is an intensely nerve-racking, traumatic, or risky event, but two other conditions are besides necessary: ( 1 ) the person s perceptual experience of the event as the cause of considerable disquieted and/or break ; and ( 2 ) the person s inability to decide the break by antecedently used get bying mechanisms. Crisis besides refers to an upset in the steady province. It frequently has i ¬?ve constituents: a risky or traumatic event, a vulnerable or imbalanced province, a precipitating factor, an active crisis province based on the individual s perceptual experience, and the declaration of the crisis. ( Roberts, 2 005, p. 778 ) Given such a dei ¬?nition, it is necessary that crisis workers have in head a model or design to steer them in reacting. In short, a crisis intercession theoretical account is needed, and one is needed for a host of grounds, such as the 1s given as follows. When confronted by a individual in crisis, clinicians need to turn to that individual s hurt, damage, and instability by operating in a logical and orderly procedure ( Greenstone A ; Leviton, 2002 ) . The profetional, frequently with limited clinical experience, is less likely to worsen the crisis with well-meaning but hit-or-miss responding when trained to work within the model of a systematic crisis intercession theoretical account. A inclusive intercession allows the novitiate every bit good as the experient clinician to be aware of keeping the i ¬?ne line that allows for a response that is active and directing plenty but does non take job ownership off from the client. Finally, a intercession should propose stairss for how the crisis worker can deliberately run into the client where he or she is at, assess degree of hazard, mobilise client resources, and travel strategically to stabilise the crisis and better operation. Crisis intercession is no longer regarded as a passing craze or as an emerging subject. It has now evolved into a forte mental wellness i ¬?eld that stands on its ain. Based on a solid theoretical foundation and a practice that is born out of over 50 old ages of empirical and experiential foundation, crisis intercession has become a multidimensional and i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible intercession method. However, the primary focal point of crisis literature has been on giving assistance and support, which is apprehensible given that the first concern in the wake of a crisis is ever to supply aid ( McFarlane, 2000 ) , non to carry on systematic research ( Raphael, Wilson, Meldrum, A ; McFarlane, 1996 ) . Experts in crisis intercession have focused on practical issues such as developing intercession theoretical accounts that manage postcrisis reactions ( Paten, Violanti, A ; Dunning, 2000 ) , with small attending being given to the development of theory ( Slaikeu, 1990 ) . Slaikeu stated that crisis theories are more like a bunch of premises, instead than rules based on research that explain or foretell the consequence of crises on persons. Ursano et Al. ( 1996 ) agreed, saying that clinical observations and deductions derived from go-betweens of traumatic emphasis have guided intercessions, instead than theory. Although these attempts have increased the apprehension of the nature of crises, a demand exists to model these premises and observations into theory. The field of crisis intercession is predicated upon the being of the phenomenon of psychological crisis. Because crisis intercession is the natural corollary of the psychological crisis, this reappraisal begins with a definition of the crisis phenomenon. Definition of crisis by Caple Crisis occurs when people encounter an obstruction in accomplishing the of import aims of life. This obstruction and can non be overcome by agencies of customary methods used covering with difficulties.A This consequences in a province of disorganisation and confusion, in which made legion unsuccessful efforts of solutions. Furthermore, the crisis resulted from the jobs on the route practically of import in accomplishing aims, obstructions where people feel that they are non able to get the better of through the usual picks and behaviour . ( 1964 ) by CARKHUFFA and Berenson Crisiss are crises so that the affected people do non cognize any ways of covering themselves with the state of affairs ( 1977 ) by Belkin Crisiss of this personal troubles or state of affairss that deprive people of ability and prevent witting control of his life ( 1984 ) by Brammer Crisis is a province of disorganisation in which adult male is confronted with the devastation of of import aims of life or profound damage of their life rhythm and methods of covering with nerve-racking factors.A The term crisis typically refers to a sense of fright, daze and experient troubles in connexion with the upset, and non to the same upset ( 1985 ) by MARINO Crisis develops in clear phases: a ) the state of affairs is critical, which controls whether the normal mechanisms for covering trade with hard plenty ; B ) the mounting tenseness and disorganisation attach toing this state of affairs surplus capacity it affected people to get by with troubles ; degree Celsius ) the state of affairs requires making for the excess resources ( ex. professional reding ) ; vitamin D ) may turn out necessary referral to a specializer who will assist in remotion of serious personality upset ( 1995 ) by Badura-Madej The crisis is transitional province of internal instability, caused by critical event or life events.A This status requires important alterations and determinations. ( 1999 ) The Chinese word for crisis nowadayss a good word picture of the constituents of a crisis. The wordA crisisA in Chinese is formed with the characters forA dangerA andA chance. A crisis presents an obstruction, injury, or menace, but it besides presents an chance for either growing or decline.A Crisis is self-defined, because crisis is any state of affairs for which a individual does non hold equal header accomplishments. Therefore, What is a crisis for one individual may non be a crisis for another individual. In mental wellness footings, a crisis refers non needfully to a traumatic state of affairs or event, but to a individual s reaction to an event. One individual might be profoundly affected by an event, while another single suffers small or no sick effects. Crisiss may run from apparently minor state of affairss, such as non being prepared for category, to major life alterations, such as decease or divorce. Crisis is environmentally based. What is now a crisis may non hold been a crisis before or would non be a crisis in a different setting.A Basic Crisis Theory: Since Lindemann s ( 1944, 1956 ) seminal part of a basic crisis theory stemming from his work in loss and heartache, the development of crisis theory has advanced well. Lindemann identified crises as holding: ( 1 ) a period of disequilibrium ; ( 2 ) a procedure of working through the jobs ; and ( 3 ) an eventual Restoration of equilibrium. Together with the parts of Caplan ( 1964 ) , this work evolved to finally include crisis intercession for psychological reactions to traumatic experiences and expanded the mental wellness field s cognition base in using basic crisis theory to other types of crises experienced by people. In add-on to acknowledging that a crisis is accompanied by impermanent disequilibrium, crisis theoreticians identify the potency for human growing from the crisis experience and the belief that declaration may take to positive and constructive results such as enhanced get bying abilities. Therefore, the dichotomy contained in a crisis is the co-existence of danger and chance ( Gilliland A ; James, 1997 ) . One portion of the crisis province is a individual s increased exposure and decreased defensiveness. This creates an openness in people for seeking different methods of problem-solving and leads to alter qualifying life crises ( Kendricks, 1985 ) . Expanded Crisis Theory: While expanded crisis theory, as we understand it today, merges cardinal concepts from systems, version, psychoanalytic and interpersonal theories ( Gilliland A ; James, 1997 ) , the coming of systemic thought heralded a new manner of sing crisis provinces. By switching off from concentrating entirely on the person in crisis to understanding their province within interpersonal/familial relationships and life events, entry points and avenues for intercession significantly increase. Systems theory promotes the impression that traditional cause and consequence preparations have a inclination to overlook the complex and hard to understand symptomlogy frequently observed in people in crisis. Particularly with younger populations, crisis appraisals should happen merely within the familial and societal context of the kid in crisis. More late the ecological position is deriving popularity as it evolves and develops into theoretical accounts of crisis intercession. From this position, crises are believed to be best viewed in the individual s entire environmental context, including political and socio-economic contexts. Therefore, in the United States, nomadic crisis squads chiefly reacting to adult populations use an ecological theoretical account. Issues of poorness, homelessness, chronicity, marginalisation and permeant disenfranchisement qualify the client population served ( Cohen, 1990 ) . Ecocsystem Theory: Most late an ecosystem theory of crisis is germinating to explicate non merely the person in crisis, but to understand those affected by crisis and the ecological impact on communities. For illustration, the lay waste toing rate of self-destruction and attempted self-destruction in Inuit young person reverberates through their communities on multiple degrees. Ecosystem theory besides deals with larger graduated table crises from environmental catastrophes ( e.g. oil spills ) to human catastrophes ( e.g. Columbine school shots ) . Applied Crisis Theory: Applied crisis theory encompasses the undermentioned three spheres: Developmental crisesA which are events in the normal flow of human growing and development whereby a dramatic alteration produces maladaptive responses ; Events such as birth, which is a crisis both for the female parent and the baby, the oncoming of pubescence and adolescence, matrimony, the climacteric, and so on as we progress through the biological phases of life, are known as developmental crises, These differ from situational crisis in that they needfully occur at a given point in development and everyone has to go through through them. This goes along with Erikson s theory of personality development, in that personality continues to develop through life, altering radically as a map of how an single trades with each phase of development. There are several causes of developmental crisis. One cause is a shortage in accomplishments that can maintain a individual from accomplishing developmental undertakings or turn a predictable passage into a crisis. For illustration, if a parent does non hold the accomplishments to be a parent, holding a babe could go a crisis state of affairs. Developmental crisis can besides happen when the person is non prepared for milepost events, such as climacteric, widowhood, etc. Another cause is when 1 of life s developmental passage is perceived by the person as being out of stage with society s outlooks. Examples of this could be go forthing place, taking a spouse, marrying, holding childs, and retiring. Situational crisesA which emerge with the happening of uncommon and extraordinary events which the person has no manner of foretelling or commanding ; Traumatic events which might or might non go on at a given clip. These could either be major calamities such as temblors, inundations, etc. , which could impact a whole subdivision of society. In other words occurs in response to a sudden unexpected event in a individual s life. The critical life events revolve around experiences of heartache and loss. like loss of a occupation, divorce, abortion, decease of a love one, terrible physical or mental unwellness, or any other sudden tragic event. One feature of situational crises is their sudden oncoming and capriciousness. While a battle with developmental issues normally builds over clip, situational crises work stoppage from nowhere all at one time. Unexpectedness is another factor of situational crises. Peoples by and large believe it wo nt go on to me, and are blind-sided when it does go on to them. Emergency quality is another feature of situational crises. When a situational crisis hits, it needs to be dealt with instantly. Situational crises besides impact the full community. These events normally affect big Numberss of people at the same time, necessitating intercession with big groups in a comparatively short period of clip. The last feature of situational crises is the presence of both danger and chance. Reorganization must finally get down. This reorganisation has the potency for the person to emerge on either a higher or lower degree of operation. Existential crisesA which refer to inner struggles and anxiousnesss that relate to human issues of intent, duty and liberty ( e.g. , in-between life crisis ) . It is a phase of development at which an person inquiries the very foundations of their life: whether their life has any significance, intent or value. An experiential crisis is frequently provoked by a important event in the individual s life matrimony, separation, major loss, the decease of a loved one ; a dangerous experience ; psycho-active drug usage ; adult kids go forthing place ; making a personally-significant age ( turning 30, turning 40, etc. ) , etc. Normally, it provokes the sufferersA introspectionA about personal mortality, therefore uncovering the psychological repression of said consciousness Each individual and state of affairs is alone and should be responded to as such. Therefore, it is utile to understand the crisis from one or more of these spheres in order to understand the complexnesss of the person s state of affairs and to step in in more effectual ways. One would besides be given to see a younger population with developmental and/or situational crises ( Gilliland A ; James, 1997 ) . Due to the continuance of the crisis, we may separate Acute accent crises Chronic crises Phases of a Crisis In order to joint the elements of a antiphonal nomadic crisis service a conceptual model of the phases of crisis is presented. There is understanding in the literature that most crisis intercessions should last about one to six hebdomads ( Caplan, 1964 ; Kendricks, 1985 ) . This suggested clip frame is based on identifiable phases of a crisis. Frequently cited in the literature ( Gilliland A ; James, 1997 ; Smith, 1978 ) is Caplan s four phases of crisis: Phase I The individual has an addition in anxiousness in response to a traumatic event ; A if the get bying mechanisms work, there s no crisis ; A if coping mechanisms do non work ( are uneffective ) a crisis occurs. Phase II In the 2nd stage anxiousness continues to increase. Phase III Anxiety continues to increase amp ; the individual asks for aid. ( If the individual has been emotionally isolated before the injury they likely will non hold equal support A ; a crisis will certainly happen ) . Phase IV Is theA active crisisA here the individuals interior resources A ; supports are unequal. The individual has a short attending span, ruminates ( goes on about it ) , A ; admirations what they did or how they could hold avoided the injury. Their behaviour is unprompted A ; unproductive. Relationships with others suffer, A they view others in footings of how can they assist to work out the job. The individual feels like they are losing their head, A this is scaring Be certain to learn them that when the anxiousness decreases that thought will be clearer. While others have proposed somewhat changing phases, there are commonalities in understanding that crises are time-limited, have a beginning, center and terminal, and that intercession early in a crisis can bring forth stabilisation and a return to the pre-crisis province. No intercession, or unequal intercession, can ensue in chronic forms of behaviour that consequence in transcrisis provinces ( Gilliland A ; James, 1997 ) . Transcrisis: the original crisis event becomes submerged into the unconscious and re-emerges when anxiousness is re-experienced. A adult female who experienced colza will re-experience jobs with being sexually adumbrate with a adult male and experience jobs in intimate relationships. Crisis phases can be distinguished from mental upsets in that the individual in crisis can be described as holding normal and functional mental wellness before and after the crisis. Additionally crisis tend to be of limited continuance and after the crisis is over, the client s convulsion will often lessen. There nevertheless individuals who can remain in crisis province for month or old ages. Such single is described as being In transcrisis province. It s besides possible for transcris province to take to the development of anxiousness and other tipes of mental upset ( ex.PTSD ) . Crisis Intervention Crisis intercession is the signifier of psychological aid, that is focused on curative contact, concentrated on the job, that caused the crisis, limited in clip, when the individual is confronted with the crisis and has to work out it. That sort of aid Lashkar-e-Taibas us cut down the crisis response and minimise functional damage. ( Badura-Madej, 1999 ) Crisis intercession is exigency foremost assistance for mental wellness ( Ehly, 1986 ) . Crisis intercession involves three constituents: 1 ) the crisis, the perceptual experience of an unwieldy state of affairs ; 2 ) the person or group in crisis ; and 3 ) the assistant, or mental wellness worker who provides assistance. Crisis intercession requires that the individual sing crisis receive seasonably and adept support to assist get by with his/her state of affairs before future physical or emotional impairment occurs. Crisis intercession provides the chance and mechanisms for alteration to those who are sing psychological disequilibrium, who are experiencing overwhelmed by their current state of affairs, who have exhausted their accomplishments for header, and who are sing personal uncomfortableness. Crisis intercession is a procedure by which a crisis worker identifies, buttockss, and intervenes with the person in crisis so as to reconstruct balance and cut down the effects of the crisis in his/her life. The person is so connected with a resource web to reenforce the alteration. HISTORY Crisis Intervention Beginnings of crisis intercession, should be found in the subjects related to the self-destruction bar, the development of environmental psychopathology, every bit good as a career to life services covering with exigency psychotherapeutic aid for victims of traumatic events, such as: war or natural catastrophes ( Badura-Madej, 1999 ) . The roots of crisis intercession come from the pioneering work of two community psychiatrists-Erich Lindemann and Gerald Caplan in the mid-1940s, 1950s, and sixtiess. We have come a far call from its origin in the 1950s and 1960s. Specii ¬?cally, in 1943 and 1944 community head-shrinker, Dr. Erich Lindemann at Massachusetts General Hospital conceptualized crisis theory based on his work with many ague and heartache afflicted subsisters and relations of the 493 dead victims of Boston s worst cabaret i ¬?re at the Coconut Grove. Gerald Caplan, a psychopathology professor at Massachusetts General Hospital and the Harvard School of Public Health, expanded Lindemann s ( 1944 ) open uping work. Caplan ( 1961, 1964 ) was the i ¬?rst clinician to depict and document the four phases of a crisis reaction: initial rise of tenseness from the emotionally risky crisis precipitating event, increased break of day-to-day life because the person is stuck and can non decide the crisis rapidly, te nseness quickly increases as the person fails to decide the crisis through exigency problem-solving methods, and the individual goes into a depression or mental prostration or may partly decide the crisis by utilizing new get bying methods. A figure of crisis intercession pattern theoretical accounts have been promulgated over the old ages ( e.g. , Collins A ; Collins, 2005 ; Greenstone A ; Leviton, 2002 ; Jones, 1968 ; Roberts A ; Grau, 1970 ) . The ends of crisis intercession are comparatively limited, relate to the immediate crisis state of affairs and are the undermentioned: Decrease in disequilibriurn or alleviation of symptoms of crisis Restoration to precrisis degree of working Some apprehension of the relevant precipitating events Designation of remedial steps which the client can take or do available through community resources. Connecting the current state of affairs with past life experiences and struggles Originating new manners of thought, comprehending feeling and developing new adaptive and header responses which are utile beyond the immediate crisis state of affairs, taking to an emancipated ripening and authorization. Basic Principles While there is no 1 individual theoretical account of crisis intercession ( Jacobson, Strickler, A ; Mosley, 1968 ) , there is common understanding on the general rules to be employed by EMH practicians to relieve the acute hurt of victims, to reconstruct independent operation and to forestall or extenuate the wake of psychological injury and PTSD ( Butcher, 1980 ; Everly A ; Mitchell, 1999 ; Flannery, 1998 ; Raphael, 1986 ; Robinson A ; Mitchell, 1995 ; Sandoval, 1985 ; Wollman, 1993 ) . 1. Intervene instantly. By definition, crises are emotionally risky state of affairss that place victims at high hazard for maladaptive header or even for being immobilized. The presence onsite of EMH forces every bit rapidly as possible is paramount. 2. Stabilize. One of import immediate end is the stabilisation of the victims or the victim community actively mobilizing resources and support webs to reconstruct some gloss of order and modus operandi. Such a mobilisation provides the needful tools for victims to get down to work independently. 3. Facilitate apprehension. Another of import measure in reconstructing victims to pre-crisis degree of operation is to ease their apprehension of what has occurred. This is accomplished by garnering the facts about what has occurred, listening to the victims recount events, promoting the look of hard emotions, and assisting them understand the impact of the critical event. 4. Concentrate on problem-solving. Actively helping victims to utilize available resources to recover control is an of import scheme for EMH forces. Helping the victim in work outing jobs within the context of what the victim feels is possible enhances independent operation. 5. Promote autonomy. Akin to active problem-solving is the accent on reconstructing autonomy in victims as an extra agencies to reconstruct independent operation and to turn to the wake of traumatic events. Victims should be assisted in measuring the jobs at manus, in developing practical schemes to turn to those jobs, and in fielding those schemes to reconstruct a more normal equilibrium. The pattern of crisis intercession, typically consist of the followers ( Badura Madej, 1999 ) : Supplying emotional support to ease the reaction to emotion ; Confronted with the world and countering inclinations to deny and distorted to organize at the minute the most of import job to solution ; Assess the current ways of get bying in footings of their adaptative nature ; Mentioning to good header schemes or making new schemes ; A program of aid. Features of a crisis intercession ( Badura-Madej, 1999 ) : Aid every bit shortly as possible after the critical event, sooner at the clip, when the bing ways of get bying are exhausted with crisis, and new constructive behaviours yet non created to supply the support reduces the hazard run adaptative ways of header ; Focus on the state of affairs and the current job associated with the crisis ( the here and now ) , taking into history the single history of adult male ( analysis of this narrative helps to understand the nature and deepness of the crisis reaction ) Emotional support, frequently besides material support ( adjustment, shelter, nutrient, imbibing, etc. ) to guarantee a sense of security to the individual in crisis ; A big strength of contacts ( depending on the state of affairs ) and sometimes even day-to-day ; Time bound ( 6 10 meetings ) flexibleness in helping interactions from the directing operation, client coaction, to the non-directive action ; Mobilizing the natural support system for people in crisis, cooperation with other establishments, supplying possible support from establishments to holistic attack to people in crisis ( eg, OPS, constabulary, etc. ) . Crisis Intervention Models ( Gilliland and James, 2005 ) Practice and intercession literature indicate the utility of certain general theoretical theoretical accounts for the building of concrete steps for individuals in crisis.A Belkin ( 1984 ) proposes a categorization includes equilibrium theoretical account, cognitive theoretical account and psycho-social theoretical account of transmutation ( Gilliland and James, 2005 ) . Equilibrium theoretical account Equilibrium theoretical account indicates a basic fact of the continuum balance instability, which differentiates working non-crisis and crisis.A Persons in crisis, sing province of disorganisation, deficiency of balance of basic psychological maps, are non able to efficaciously utilize their customary ways of get bying and methods of work outing jobs. The purpose of the intercession from the point of position of equilibrium theoretical account is to help the client in regained pre-crisis equilibrium.A therefore the usage of this attack is the most justified in the initial phases of intercession, when a individual has no sense of control over himself and class of events is confused and unable to take adequate determinations and appropriate action.A Until the client does non retrieve even though portion of the capacity to header, the chief attempt should be directed to stabilise the status of the person.A Merely so it is possible to utilize his abilities to get by, and other internal and external resources to work out a crisis problem.A Equilibrium theoretical account considered is the cleanest theoretical account of crisis intercession ( Caplan, 1961 ; for: Gilliland and James, 2005 ) . Cognitive theoretical account The cognitive theoretical account of crisis intercession is based on the premiss that crisis are rooted in defective believing about the event or state of affairss that surround the crisis non in the events themselves or the facts about events or state of affairss ( Ellis, 1962 ) . The end of this theoretical account is to assist people go cognizant of and alter their positions and beliefs about crisis events or state of affairss. The basic dogma of the cognitive theoretical account is that people can derive control of crisis in their lives by altering their thought, particularly by acknowledging and challenging the irrational and self-defeating parts of their knowledges and by retaining and concentrating on the rational and self-enhancing elements of their thought. The messages that people in crisis send themselves become really negative and distorted, in contrast to the world of the state of affairs. Dilemmas that are changeless and crunching wear people out, forcing their internal province of perceptual experience more and more toward negative self-talk until their cognitive sets are so negative that no sum of prophesying can convert them anything positive will of all time come from the state of affairs. Crisis intercession in this theoretical account can be compared to work on rewriting your ain plan by the client, which on a positive Coupling dorsum and repetition the exercising in self-assessment of the new state of affairs, be able to alter emotions and behaviour in a more positive and constructive. Cognitive theoretical account can be used in pattern when the client has already regained some sufficient degree of psychological stableness, leting where appropriate perceptual experience, pulling decisions, doing determinations and experimenting with new behaviours. Basic constructs of this attack are fond in the rational-emotive work of Ellis ( 1982 ) , the cognitive-behavioral attack of Meichenbaum ( 1977 ) , and the cognitive system of Beck ( 1976 ) . Psychosocial passage theoretical account Psychosocial passage theoretical account is another utile attack to intercession in crisis.A This theoretical account is based on the premise that adult male is the consequence of the interaction between the familial equipment, and the acquisition procedure, puting the societal environment. Both people and their environment and societal influence procedures are capable to changeless alteration. Therefore, crises may be related to both internal and external ( psychosocial, societal and environmental ) troubles. The intent of crisis intercession, as seen from this position, is to assist, cooperation with client in an equal appraisal of both internal and external fortunes act uponing the outgrowth of the crisis, every bit good as aid in the choice of effectual options to the ( client s ) existing, inefficient behaviour, inappropriate attitudes and inefficiencies how to utilize the resources of the environment in which I live. To obtain a stand-alone control over his private life clients can be needed for obtaining equal internal mechanisms to cover with troubles, every bit good as societal support and environmental resources. The Psychosocial passage theoretical account does non perceive crisis merely an interal province of personal businesss that resides wholly within the person. It reaches outside the single and askes what system need to be changed. Systems such as household, equal group, work environment, spiritual community are illustrations who can besides back up or interfere with the psychological adaptability of the individual.A It is deserving observing That in some types of crises ( eg domestic force ) non much can be done by prosecuting in Merely a individual in crisis, and disregarding the annihilating effects of the societal environment, because it is of import to assist clients place the kineticss of the system, or systems, societal, which surround it, and how these systems affect its version to the state of affairs crisis. Like the cognitive theoretical account, the psychosocial dealing theoretical account seems to be most appropriate after the client has been stabilized. Theorists who have contributed to the psychosocial dealing theoretical account include Adler ( Ansbacher A ; Ansbacher, 1956 ) , Erikson ( 1963 ) , and Minuchin ( 1974 ) . Eclectic theory of crisis intercession The primary standard for the quality of crisis intercession is their effectivity. Therefore, positively understood eclectic method is the preferable attack in this country. Representatives of this attack by taking action, guided by ends to accomplish, instead than defined concept.A Eclecticism is considered to be the most utile attack to crisis intervention.A Its aims are: 1.A reviewed to place the elements of each system and incorporate them into internally rational whole, fiting the behavioural informations, which should be clarified ; 2.A consider all relevant to the job of the theory, methods and rating criterions and processing of clinical informations ( harmonizing to the province of cognition ) ; 3.A non writhing appraisals to specific theories, to continue the openness of thought and uninterrupted experimenting with these attacks and schemes that bring the best consequences. practically all descriptions of intercessions for different types of crises include the elements earlier presented theoretical accounts of crisis intercession. Eclectic theory combines two omnipresent steering ideas: a ) all people, like crises, are the lone 1s of their sort, Unique, B ) all the people, and all crises are alike.A These statements are non reciprocally sole. All people and all crises are likewise, since they can be found general elements.A However, the scrutiny of any adult male, or crisis, have single character. Eclectic usage of theory requires a good cognition of many attacks and theories and ability to measure client by demands that can be chosen appropriate to the engineering. Eclectic attack requires uninterrupted enlargement of their cognition, practical work, capable to supervising and unfavorable judgment of other professionals.A It is necessary besides to hold risk-taking accomplishments and the ability to abandon attacks that have proved to be unsuccessful in a given state of affairs ( and non lodging to some favourite theory ) . Well-practiced eclectic method is nil but a mixture of equal parts: accomplishments and intuition.A It is indispensable to besides pay attending to their feelings and their diagnosing of the situation.A It is deserving observing that changes the method of intercession is frequently made based on a feeling that something is non right. Phases of crisis intercession LA Hoff 1.A Analysis of psychosocial client or household in the appraisal of self-destruction hazard, 2.A Together with the client to pull up an action program, 3.A Implementation program based on resources: the personal, societal, and physical 4.A A customerA ( follow-up ) A and rating of crisis intercession and solution crisis. Aguilera DC 1.A Assessment of persons and analysis of the job, 2.A Planning curative intercessions, 3.A Intervention ( eg, aid in understanding the crisis, assisting to raise consciousness and look emotions, the Reconstruction of societal ties ) , 4.A Execution of the program and decide the crisis. AR Roberts 1.A Assessment of client 2.A Establishing contacts and set up ties ( relationships ) full regard and credence client 3.A Identifying the chief job ( jobs ) , 4.A Supplying support, 5.A The survey of possible options to decide the state of affairs, 6.A Laying of the action program, 7.A A customerA ( follow-up ) A eg: meeting the control ( or phone calls ) psychometric or measuring of alterations in operation, a referral to therapy, etc. The six-step Model of Crisis Intervention ( Gilliland and James, 2005 ) James ( 2008 ) has developed a six-step theoretical account of crisis intercession. This theoretical account provides a utile model from which to work when confronted with crisis state of affairss in a shelter scene. Assesing: Appraisal is an of import portion of each of the six-steps of crisis intercession. The first three stairss of this theoretical account are normally more inactive hearing activities than actions. When safety considerations are presented that concern anyone s possible to be hurt or killed you need to take action instantly. The concluding three stairss are mostly action behaviours on your portion even though hearing is ever present along with appraisal as an overarching subject. Listening involves go toing, detecting, understanding and reacting with empathy, genuinesss, regard, credence, nonjudgmental, and caring. It is indispensable to set up an environment that provides persons with psychological first assistance which is defined as the constitution of safety of the client, cut downing stress-related symptoms, supplying remainder and physical convalescence and associating clients to critical resources and societal support systems is an indispensable portion of the assisting procedure ( James, 2008, p. 39 ) . The first three stairss of the six-step theoretical account are: 1. Specifying the job: The first measure is to specify and understand the job from the client s point of position. You will necessitate to utilize the nucleus listening accomplishments of empathy, genuiness, and credence. 2. Guaranting client safety: It is necessary that you continually maintain client safety at the head of all intercessions. Guaranting safety means invariably measuring the possibility of physical and psychological danger to the client every bit good as to others. This measure is a unstable one in that assessing and guaranting safety is a uninterrupted portion of the procedure of crisis intercession. 3. Supplying support: It is of import that you communicate to the client that you care about her. The support given may be emotional every bit good as instrumental and informational. Acting: Stairss 4, 5, and 6 involve moving schemes. Ideally these stairss are worked through in a collaborative mode but if the client is unable to take part, you may necessitate to go more directing in assisting the client mobilise her get bying accomplishments. Listening accomplishments are an of import portion of these stairss. 4. Analyzing options: Options are examined from three possible positions. The first is back uping the person to measure their situational supports or those people known to the client in the present or yesteryear who might care about what happens to the client. The 2nd position is assisting the client place get bying mechanisms or actions, behaviors, or environmental resources that she might utilize to assist her get through the present crisis. The 3rd position is helping the client to analyze her thought forms and if possible find ways to reframe her state of affairs in order that the client s position of the job will be altered which will in bend lessen the client s anxiousness degree. 5.Making Plans: The client is supported to do a program that is really elaborate and outlines the individuals, groups and other referral resources that can be contacted for immediate support ; supply get bying mechanisms and action stairss which are concrete and positive for the client to make in the present. Equally much as possible it is of import that the planning be done in coaction with a client in order that she feels a sense of ownership of the program. It is of import that she does non experience robbed of her power, independency and dignity. The most of import issues in planning are the client s sense of control and liberty. Planning is about acquiring through the short term in order to accomplish some sense of equilibrium and stableness. 6. Obtaining committedness. In this last measure the issues of control and liberty are besides of import to the procedure. This measure involves inquiring the client to verbally sum up the program. In some incidents where deadliness is involved the committedness may be written down and signed by both persons. The end is to enable the client to perpetrate to the program and to take definite positive stairss designed to ease them traveling towards re-establishing a pre-crisis province of equilibrium. The committednesss made by the client demand to be voluntary and accomplishable. A program that has been developed by you will non be effectual. Appraisal In the crisis intercession ( Gilliland and James, 2005 ) Parallel to the procedure of crisis intercession, appraisal of the client in a crisis takes topographic point. Appraisal is divided into two phases: 1 ) primary assessment rating made at the beginning of the crisis intercession, including diagnosing of crisis response and to placing the degree of hazard for ego / environment and from the environment ; 2 ) permanent appraisal takes topographic point during the staying procedure of intercession and includes: monitoring alterations in the province of client ; Check how the suggested ways from assistant, solutions, are really accepted by the client ; Evaluation of ways of get bying ( constructive vs. unconstructive ) ; Features for Effective Crisis Intervention In add-on to being nonjudgmental, flexible, nonsubjective, supportive and authorising, following are considered to be indispensable necessities for service suppliers to enable an person to journey from a vulnerable crisis province to equilibrium and authorization: Ability to make trust via confidentiality and honestness ; Ability to listen in an attentive mode ; Supply the person with the chance to pass on by speaking less ; Bing attentive to verbal and gestural cues ; Pleasant, interested modulation of voice ; Keeping good oculus contact, position and appropriate societal distance if in a face-to-face state of affairs ; Listening for feelings, hearing what is said and non said, concentrating on what individual is experiencing ; Staying undistracted, unfastened, honest, sincere ; Bing free of bias and abstaining from pigeonholing ; Asking openended inquiries ; Giving feedback and having feedback whenever possible if the individual is prepared to hear ; Asking permission, neer moving on premises ; Checking out sensitive cross-cultural factors ; Bing cognizant of one s ain biass ; Reacting suitably to adult female s cultural world.

Crowdfunding †Whether You Need the Money or Not

Crowdfunding – Whether You Need the Money or Not FundsforWriters is all about helping you earn enough money, whether its finding jobs, publishing or freelancing. Crowdfunding is off and running, and its Like with grants, many writers I know do not want to bother with crowdfunding. Its another learning curve, they dont like asking for money, theyd have to pay taxes on the money, you name it. But the one that doesnt make sense is I dont need the money, so I shouldnt ask for it. Crowdfunding has turned into more than the needy asking for funds. Crowdfunding is a strategic method of finding supporters. When you proudly and passionately promote your project, then offer rewards for people to jump on board your train, you are campaigning for all of you to propel a project into fruition. It isnt a poor person asking for a handout. Its the group of you making something exciting happen! Look at the successful BIG projects on crowdfunding. Watches, movies, all sort of inventions. Publishers even post their next book project. i Just saw a nonprofit press post about their next poets chapbook, asking for support. What they are doing is not only financial, but also promotional. Its getting the news out ahead of time, and the blog updates within the crowdfunding page keeps the supporters updated as to progress. It becomes a community effort instead of an author, a publisher, and a reader. Hello Ru 1000 Days of Spring is a memoir that asked for $6,400 and gained $12,790. www.indiegogo.com/projects/1000-days-of-spring With each dollar comes a reader or two! See crowdfunding as a tool in your promo toolbox, not just a place to find money. Not only will you gain readers, but successful campaigns are trolled

Just In Time In Operation Management Research Paper

Just In Time In Operation Management - Research Paper Example The system is not efficient and thus, JIT proposed the use of the demand-pull system. The demand-pull system is based on the notion that work should flow â€Å"to a work center only if that work center needs more work. If a work center is already occupied with work activity, the upstream work center should stop production until the downstream work center communicates a need for more material† (Burnett and Pesch 2). Within the JIT environment, emphasis on maintaining high usage is eliminated. The JIT environment focus is on dealing with the challenges that face the overall success of the factory; these challenges include quality improvement, waste elimination, and setup time reduction (Burnett and Pesch 2). Uniform Plant Loading The effective practice of JIT indicates possessing the correct quantities of the right products at the right time and the right place. Reducing the setup times permits the company to manufacture product mix and quantities demanded at the current time (B urnett and Pesch 2). Cellular Flow Layouts Repetitive process layouts are important in eliminating activities that add no value and thus, switching to a JIT environment. Intermittent layouts are not effective since they are filled with low visibility, uncertainty, and complexity. On the other hand, cell layouts enhance JIT goals through featuring high visibility, fast throughout times, and unidirectional product flows. Multifunctional workers are assigned individual cells and the responsibility and organization of the product produced. Workers in the cell environment tend to possess a huge sense of pride and ownership in the work environment. The thorough understanding of the production process enhances the chances for the workers to give ideas on improving the production process (Burnett and...Repetitive process layouts are important in eliminating activities that add no value and thus, switching to a JIT environment. Intermittent layouts are not effective since they are filled wit h low visibility, uncertainty, and complexity. On the other hand, cell layouts enhance JIT goals through featuring high visibility, fast throughout times, and unidirectional product flows. Multifunctional workers are assigned individual cells and the responsibility and organization of the product produced. Workers in the cell environment tend to possess a huge sense of pride and ownership in the work environment. The thorough understanding of the production process enhances the chances for the workers to give ideas on improving the production process (Burnett and Pesch 3). Inventory Decrease to Expose Waste Inventory entails numerous waste practices such as long setup times, weak vendors, bad quality, and poor equipment. By steadily reducing the inventory, the production system weaknesses are revealed and solved one by one. The machines can be better maintained or replaced, delivery and vendor quality can be enhanced, quality practices can be adopted, equipment and labor can be laid out in an efficient manner, and the machine set up methods can be streamlined. The improvements permit the company to operate with less costs, quicker response times in order to meet consumer needs, and less inventory (Burnett and Pesch 2). Rapid Steps to Decrease Lot Sizes

Individual Internet Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual Internet Assignment - Essay Example Such decisions require consistency in the general business and the marketing strategy for that business. A rightful unit in this line makes decisions on products within it, the price within the set guidelines, dealers to be used and a communication strategy that is analogous to the business’ strategy. A product portfolio is the set of products that is offered by a company. The marketing strategy of a company should thus be alongside the products in the offer and based on various business models (Zamagni 373). 1. Marketing mix According to Perreault and McCarthy (50), a marketing mix is a set of variables put together by a company to satisfy the target market. It has four tenets as indicated in the figure below. Product; this involves the development of the correct product for the market. One should choose the right characteristics and services for customer satisfaction. Place: the business should ensure that the product is at the right place where it is required by the target market for purchase. Price; the business owner should choose a price that the target market is willing to spend on the product Promotion: the process of informing the target market about the product With a good marketing mix, the customer is able to perceive the product correctly. It determines the poisoning of the product with relativity to the needs of the customer. 2. Porters five forces The porter’s model is essential for checking the economic models that impact a business (Zamagni 375). The model (as indicated in the figure below) can be used by a company in the following ways; Internal industry rivalry; this occurs through competition in pricing the products or other means. The firms should be able to set competitive prices (as defined in the market mix). Entry threat; this threat arises from other companies who may want to develop the same product. It can be lowered by developing high end products Substitute products; the business owners should be aware of the substitu tes available in the market and look out for potential substitutes. They can decide to enlarge market definitions. Supplier/buyer powers; the business should offer a wide range of prices to the buyers. To the suppliers, they should be given very high standards for materials supplied to up scale the quality. 3. Break even analysis In aligning the right strategies, a business should be aware of the break even point in order to avoid losses. This is the point where the sales made are just enough to cover the costs associated with production. At this point, further sales indicate profits for the business. In coming up with a break even analysis, the business owners should consider the fixed and variable costs, margins of contribution and the operating leverages (Menon, 25). 4. Product life cycle analysis This is an assessment of environmental effects associated with a product from raw materials to end of its usage. In the case at hand, this technique is useful in supporting the business strategy. It also acts as an input to the design of a product and also for declaring the product. It is an essential tool for business decision making in areas such as; environmental comparisons to determine environmental value of product as well as methods of production and various choices, manufacturing and commercial development. 5. SWOT Analysis This analysis aims at identifying the strengths, weaknesses, the opportunities as well as the threats found in a

Race-Based Jury Nullification Essay Example for Free

Race-Based Jury Nullification Essay Internet research clearly showed a long history for jury nullification in the US. An explanation of jury nullification, and in particular race based jury nullification, is that it is a method whereby juries nullify unfair laws by declaring guilty defendants not guilty. Race based nullification is where a jury acquits and individual based on their race. This is commonly found in homogenous juries where there is little jury diversity. Past cases such as runaway slave laws and current cases such as police shootings show that race-based nullification is still an issue in modern courtrooms. The conclusion being that jury nullification is an important power necessary for the checks and balances of the judicial system Jury nullification is a right enjoyed, but not understood, by all jurors in the US. This right gives jurors the ability to interpret laws for themselves and return not-guilty verdicts for guilty defendants allowing them to nullify laws. (Emal, 1995) The most common admonishment by judges is that jurors must decide the case based on facts, and that they are not in fact interpreting the fairness of laws. The fear is that if jurors knew or understood this power, it could undermine the authority of the US judicial system. Allowing juries to interpret laws is in fact a right given as a foil against a too powerful central government. Historically there is a tremendous precedent for jury nullification much of it involving race. In the North pre-civil war era juries commonly refused to convict runaway slaves because they felt that the law was unfair. This was an example of jury nullification, where the jury was aware that the defendant was guilty, but refused to return a guilty verdict, in effect nullifying the law. (Emal, 1995) More recently in the 1930s many courts refused conviction for minor alcohol infractions because they felt the law was unfair. Another example of this trend were the civil rights trials of white supremacists in the south in the 50s and 60s; in these cases all white juries would refuse to convict white defendants of the murder of black  people or civil rights workers. (Emal, 1995) These cases clearly show that there have been many examples of jury nullification in the past in our country. Since a return of a not guilty verdict allows the jury to effectively end prosecution with no appeal allowed by the state it means that juries actually have final say about when and if a law is utilized. This allows juries the power to actually use their conscience when voting to convict or release a defendant. One possible outcome of jury nullification is the possibility of a major increase in hung juries. Race has figured in many instances of jury nullification so there is a clear precedent for race based jury nullification. (Emal, 1995) Recently all white juries have refused to convict white police officers in wrongful shooting trials where the victim was black. Also black juries have refused to convict clearly guilty defendants of crimes on the grounds that there are too many black people in prison already. (Butler, 1995) Another possible reason for jury nullification is to punish prosecutors and police for tactics, which the jurors find unpalatable. Many people recently felt that the O.J. Simpson trial was race based jury nullification; similarly the Rodney King trial would be an example. In both of these cases many people felt that the individual was guilty but that they were released because of their race. Some states have proposed that juries should have racial quotas in order to avoid possible race based nullification. In this system jurors who should be excused could be kept even if they were unsatisfactory if they fit some particular racial need. These attempts to eliminate jury nullification point to the seriousness with which this power is viewed. Some black lawmakers have said that since a jury is representative of a community then jurors should have the right to decide which people they will allow to live among them. (Butler, 1995) This basically means that jurors exercise their power based on conscience and not based on the facts of the case. This means that black juries would acquit non-violent black defendants even in cases where they were clearly guilty to nullify the effects of a predominantly white judicial system. The belief here is that the laws are  inherently unfair because they were created by and for white people. (Butler, 1995) Clearly there is a place for jury nullification in the US. There has been a long history of unfair laws and practices in the country and allowing the jury the power to overturn or nullify them is a good way to keep the government in check. (Jones, 2004) The real question is more about race-based nullification. Should race be a factor when juries consider nullification as an option? The answer to this is complicated if a jury really feels that a defendant was targeted unfairly based on race shouldnt they have some power to affect the trial. (Butler, 1995) Also without a complete revamping of the legal system (scary thought) how would one go about fixing the problem? Can nullification be eliminated with our current system? The idea is to really re-examine the selection process. With nullification as a real possibility then prosecutors can act to eliminate it by paying more attention to homogeneity during the selection process. Any prosecutor who allows a homogenous jury runs a real risk of losing the case based on nullification. Also race based jury nullification has been a useful tool in the past. (Jones, 2004) If not for northern juries how many runaway slaves would have been returned to torture and beatings in the south. In this case we had a manifestly unfair law which juries exercised a legitimate nullification against. Overall race based jury nullification is a scary prospect when taken to the extreme but it is a prospect that bears some consideration. Since it has been used righteously in the past it is a hard decision to contemplate getting rid of it. If there was no jury nullification of any kind then the country would have missed out on juries taking a stand against poorly thought out laws. The answer is that jury nullification has played a dual roll in our history. At times it is a useful tool as in the cases involving slavery or differential prosecution, at times allowing racists to go free. So having weighed the merits of the situation it is best left as is currently. There is a real risk for overuse if everyone were aware of the  power but in its absence the government would exercise too much power unbalanced by the power of the people. The conclusion would have to be that there is too much risk in eliminating jury nullification as a whole. Race based nullification is probably not necessary and would be nice to eliminate but there is no effective way to combat this. One possibility mentioned earlier is for prosecutors to consider nullification during the selection process to help combat this problem. References Butler, Paul. (1998). Racially Based Jury Nullification: Black Power in the Criminal Justice System. Yale Law Review, 105, 677-725. Emal, Russ. (1995). Jury Nullification: Why You Should Know What It Is. Retrieved on 11/21/04 from http://www.greenmac.com/eagle/ISSUES/ISSUE23- /07JuryNullification.html Jones Iloilo Marguerità ©. (2004). American Juror. Retrieved on 11/21/04 from http://www.fffija.org

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Schizophrenia What You Need to Know Schizophrenia is a serious disorder which affects how a person thinks, feels and acts. Someone with schizophrenia may have difficulty distinguishing between what is real and what is imaginary; may be unresponsive or withdrawn; and may have difficulty expressing normal emotions in social situations. Contrary to public perception, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The vast majority of people with schizophrenia are not violent and do not pose a danger to others. Schizophrenia is not caused by childhood experiences, poor parenting or lack of willpower, nor are the symptoms identical for each person. What causes schizophrenia? The cause of schizophrenia is still unclear. Some theories about the cause of this disease include: genetics (heredity), biology (the imbalance in the brain’s chemistry); and/or possible viral infections and immune disorders. Genetics (Heredity). Scientists recognize that the disorder tends to run in families and that a person inherits a tendency to develop the disease. Schizophrenia may also be triggered by environmental events, such as viral infections or highly stressful situations or a combination of both. Similar to some other genetically-related illnesses, schizophrenia appears when the body undergoes hormonal and physical changes, like those that occur during puberty in the teen and young adult years. Chemistry. Genetics help to determine how the brain uses certain chemicals. People with schizophrenia have a chemical imbalance of brain chemicals (serotonin and dopamine) which are neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters allow nerve cells in the brain to send messages to each other. The imbalance of these chemicals affects the way a person’s brain reacts to stimuli--which explains why a person with schizophrenia may be overwhelmed by sensory information (loud music or bright lights) which other people can easily handle. This problem in processing different sounds, sights, smells and tastes can also lead to hallucinations or delusions. What are the early warning signs of schizophrenia? The signs of schizophrenia are different for everyone. Symptoms may develop slowly over months or years, or may appear very abruptly. The disease may come and go in cycles of relapse and remission. Behaviors that are early warning signs of schizophrenia include: Hearing or seeing something that isn’t there A constant feeling of being watched Peculiar or nonsensical way of speaking or writing Strange body positioning Feeling indifferent to very important situations Deterioration of academic or work performance A change in personal hygiene and appearance A change in personality Increasing withdrawal from social situations

India Post Strategy

Term Project ? Table of Contents Operations Constraints Matrix3 Flexibility3 Cost5 Quality7 Structural Decisions7 Capacity7 Facilities8 Process Technology9 Sourcing and Vertical Integration10 Infrastructural Decisions12 Operations Constraints Matrix Flexibility is about the operation being able to change what it does quickly. How quickly can the organization change the mix of products and services it is offering to the customer? Changing consumer tastes affects demand levels and the product range desired.For an organization to stay competitive, it needs to be able to respond to these changes with flexibility. †¢Can the organization react to demand changes and increase or decrease the volume of output in response? †¢Is a wide range of products or services on offer? Can the organization bring new product/service designs to market quickly so it is in a position to meet changing customer needs? Providing flexibility in delivery options, both the manner and the timing give an op portunity for differentiation. In case of Indian Postal Service, they are high on flexibility parameter.The range of products / services for Indian Post suits to people from all economic level, almost all customers can avail all the services of India Post in all location. India Post postal services are under two heads, Mail services and Premium Services. Mail Services LetterThe communication is enclosed in an envelope and addressed Inland letter cardCommunication is contained on a sheet of paper with prescribed size & folding, for transmission within India only. Post cardOpen communication on a card of prescribed size. Available in two varieties: Single & reply post card. Post cards are for transmission within India only.Printed Post cardPost cards containing communication recorded by printing, cyclostyling or by any other mechanical process are classified as ‘Printed Post Cards'. Printed matter includes printed pictures also. Blind literature packetPapers of any kind, periodi cals and books impressed in â€Å"Braille† or other special type for the use of blind are allowed to be transmitted by post as Blind literature packets. ParcelAnything can be sent in a parcel excepting articles whose transmission is prohibited. RegistrationThe postal article that is registered is given identification and is recorded at every stage of handling.Letters, letter cards, Book and Pattern Packets, Parcels, News papers prepaid with postage may be registered for transmission at any post office. The registered postal article is delivered specifically to the addressee. VPL/VPPThe Value Payable Letter or Value Payable Parcel is paid for at the time of receipt. Premium Services Speed PostSpeed Post is market leader in domestic express industry, for providing time-bound and express delivery of letters ’ documents and parcels across the nation and around the world Express ParcelExpress Parcel Post is an ideal service for sending the parcels up to 35 kg within India.I t is fast and reliable, provides door-to-door convenience and pick-up from customer’s premises service. Business PBusiness Post is a one-stop shop service to manage entire mail-out process. It provides cost-effective and professional mailing services, including printing, collating, inserting, sealing, and addressing to meet specific business needs. Media PostMedia Post is an innovative and effective vehicle for Brand and Marketing Managers to communicate their corporate message across the nation.Greeting PostGreeting Post is an innovative product of India Post comprises of a card with envelop with pre-printed postage stamp upon the envelope. It used to express yourself perfectly on every occasion, festival or event. Logistics PostLogistics Post caters to any demand for moving goods, parcels and consignments in terms of delivery deadline and quality of service. It offers the possibility of monitoring the delivery progress at all times. Comparison with the other players in Post al / Courier service India PostDTDC CourierBluedart CourierNo fixed delivery time guaranteeService include next business day delivery guaranteeService include next business day delivery guarantee Media post offer advertisement opportunity to marketing managerDedicated for courier and parcel delivery, no specific service like advertising Dedicated for courier and parcel delivery, no specific service like advertising Wide reach within India, specifically high penetration in rural IndiaWide reach but rural penetration is not as deep as India PostWide reach but rural penetration is not as deep as India Post Offers registered post service, where consignment is handed over to only specific addressee General service, and couriers can be received by any individual within corporation / homeGeneral service, and couriers can be received by any individual within corporation / home Consignment tracking is limited to premium products deliveryConsignment tracking facility is available for all kind s of deliveriesConsignment tracking facility is available for all kinds of deliveries Prices band is high and weight range starts from as minimum as 25gms for deliveryPrice band is narrow and weight range starts usually from 500gmsPrice band is narrow and weight range starts usually from 500gms Single delivery timing, no customized service as customer requires, although service for guaranteed timely delivery availableConsignment delivery can be defined by customers with a minimum duration of Next business day 1030AM within same time zone Consignment delivery can be defined by customers with a minimum duration of Next business day 1030AM within same time zone No special facility for weekends like Saturday or SundaySpecial pick up facility for Saturday and delivery on SundayNo specific delivery facility for weekends Proof of delivery is claimable on paid basisProof of delivery is visible online for freeProof of delivery is visible online for free Greeting card delivery, special printe d card delivery service No special greeting card delivery service at presentNo special greeting card delivery service at present Freight on delivery service available business Freight on delivery service available business Freight on delivery service available business International deliveries service available with maximum eight of 100kgInternational deliveries service available with maximum weight of 10000kgInternational deliveries service available with maximum weight of 100kg No packing, box packaging service, pick up service available on paid basisProvide packing, loading, box packaging service, free pick up serviceProvide packing box, box packaging services, free pick up service Cost is the last objective to be discussed but clearly not the least. For organizations that have adopted a low cost strategy it is the most important objective. The lower the cost of producing the goods the lower price that can be offered to customers, which in turn will boost sales and profits. Even organizations that seek to gain their competitive advantage through differentiation are keen to lower their cost basis because that will lead to improvements in profit levels. To be able to deliver a cost advantage an organization has to analyze where operation costs are incurred.When considering a service industry, like hospitals, the biggest cost element will be staff costs, then facility and technology costs followed by bought-in materials and services. Many costs in a hospital operation are fixed and will not vary according to the number of patients treated. That is to say those facilities like beds, operating theatres or laboratories are as expensive as are the highly specialized staff. These are all needed to be available if not all of the time, then most of it. That obviously has cost implications. Generally, the level of costs depends on the volume and variety of output and how variable is demand. Variety of outputs leads to greater levels of complexity and therefore increas ed costs. Cost is dependent on the other performance objectives.Improvements in each of the other four will lead to cost reductions. The relative priority of the performance objectives is determined by the demands of customers and the actions of competitors. Making these decisions on priorities links back to the statement in the strategy of what business the organization is in and who are its customers. Selling to customers who insist on error-free products requires the organization to concentrate on its quality performance. Consumer segments that are looking for low-priced products or services will lead the organization to emphasize its cost performance. In case of India Post, reaching to the mass is part of their mission.They operate at locations where, revenues do not even cover 15% of expenses. They have more than 89% of their offices in rural areas, where the cost of operation is usually higher than revenues. Even the post office in urban areas, the target given is to earn a pr ofit of 5% beyond their operating cost. India Post caters primarily in rural areas and therefore its emphasis on offering very low / economical prices to customer irrespective of their operating cost. Private postal service agencies have their motive of earning profit from business, therefore they highly emphasize on providing value service to their customers. They focus on limited services designed to fulfill general need of customers.Their service portfolio is transforming from delight services to order winning services. They emphasize on excelling in providing order winner services and compete in limited range of services. Pricing offered by India Post: India post premier service of simple post card is in no comparison with any other service agency. It is most cost effective way of mail hitherto in India. Apart from post cards, letters, India Post offers standard fixed rates for all customers depending on distance (irrespective of place of origin or destination). Speed Post: Weig htLocal (within municipal limits)Upto 200 Kms201 to 1000 Kms1001 to 2000 KmsAbove 2000 Kms Up to 50 gramsINR 15INR 35INR 35INR 35INR 35 1 grams to 200 gramsINR 25INR 35INR 40INR 60INR 70 201 grams to 500 gramsINR 30INR 50INR 60INR 80INR 90 Additional 0. 5 kg or part thereofINR 10INR 15INR 30INR 40INR 50 Express Parcel Post: WeightLocal (within municipaI limits)Upto 500 Kms. 501 to 1000 Kms. 1001 to 2000 Kms. Above 2000 Kms. Up to 2kg3550607090 Additional 1kg or part thereof58122535 India Post does not offer the air-mail service for domestic deliveries, whereas private players like Bluedart, DTDC, and Firstflight etc have the air mail service that offers next day delivery guarantee. Therefore, the prices of services offered by different agencies can be compared on the surface mode. Cost of parcel up to 500gms 500gmsIndia PostBluedartDTDC ithin city30200 Ambala50200 Amritsar60200 Mumbai80200 Calicut90210 Cost of parcel up to 10kg 10kgIndia PostBluedartDTDC within city75250 Ludhiana114 250 Ahmadabad156290 Mumbai270290 Calicut370290 India post is more cost effective and economical than other private players. It is high on providing cost effective services to its customer than its competitors. Due to its pan India reach, and easy access in rural areas, other private players cannot compete in cost factor. Quality, whether you are running a hospital or a retail superstore, is about doing things right so that error-free goods and services are delivered that are fit for their purpose.Quality encompasses both the quality of the design of the product in terms of aesthetics, reliability and performance and the quality of the process that delivers the product or service. Quality of delivery process has direct impact on costs and dependability. Quality is a major source of customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Poor quality products or poor quality of service are likely to put the customer off returning, leading to future lost sales. For service sector like postal / couri er service, the primary quality factors can be following: †¢Ease of accessibility – availability, easy reach †¢Customer focus – language, service, waiting time Reliability of service design – useful for customer, trust on the service †¢Conformance to specifications – delivery on time as committed, rates as specified, influence to change or modify requisite service †¢High delivery performance – delivery at the right place, right time, right person Speed Speed is all about how long customers wait before receiving their service. Addressing the speed objective requires the organization to pay attention to the cycle time involved in their new product development. An organization also has to pay attention to its scheduling and capacity planning as well as inventory management to be able to deliver on the speed objective. Reducing inventory will also impact on obtaining a cost advantage. Speed is an important factor considering that a lot of parcels are required to reach on time and are often related to business.As such, almost all the courier services have a special service catering to this constraint. In case of India Post, .No. Services/TransactionSuccess IndicatorsService StandardsUnit AService Standards of various services for Departmental Post Offices 1MailsTime from posting / booking to delivery†¢ Excludes day of posting, holidays and Sundays. †¢ Maximum time. †¢ Articles posted before cut off time. Unit in Days /Minutes etc. 1. 2Delivery of First class mail i. e. , letters, postcards, Inland letter cards, etc. Local* and between Metro Cities** * Local – within Municipal City limits ** Metro- Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bengaluru. 2Days Rest of India4-6 1. 3Delivery of : †¢ Registered / Insured articles Express Parcel Post †¢ Second Class Mails i. e. Parcels, Book Packets, Registered Newspapers, etc. Local* and between Metro Cities** * Local – withi n Municipal City limits ** Metro- Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bengaluru. 3Days Rest of India5-7 1. 4Delivery of Speed Post articlesLocal* and between Metro Cities** * Local – within Municipal City limits ** Metro- Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bengaluru. 2Days Rest of India4-6 1. 5International EMS articles†¢ All International Mail articles are subject to customs examination. †¢ Period for customs examination/detention is not included in the service standards. 4-10DaysDTDC on the other hand provides a lot of services catering to this need which is case specific: DTDC Domestic2-7 daysNormal deliveries (city specific) Value added service (Speed)Days to deliverSpecifications DTDC PlusAssured Next business day delivery†¢To metros and major cities in India Prime Time Plus (PTP) PTP 10. 30 and PTP 12. 00 within the next possible business day†¢Time-critical Business to Business (B2B) and Business to Customer (B2C) Segments. â⠂¬ ¢From select origins to select pin codes at Metro locations. DTDC Blueassured second business day delivery†¢To places far and wide across the country In addition to it, DTDC provides money bank guarantee in case a delivery is not made on time on its Value added services. Blue dart Dart Surfaceline2-7 daysDistance specific Premium ServicesDart Apex1-2 daysFor commercial shipments Domestic PriorityNext dayFor time-critical parcels DP 10. 30 and DP 12. 00Time specific, within a day Blue dart, like DTDC provides money back guarantee in case a delivery is not made on time on its premium services. As such, Speed of India post is comparable to most of its competitors as far as value based services are concerned. Though, at few places delivery is guaranteed the very next day and before a specific time, which is not provided by India post. Some services like Air to Air which ask customers to collect the post from the Airport for a faster delivery is provided by some of its competitor s.Also, unlike DTDC and Blue Dart do not provide money back guarantee on a delay though they provide money back guarantee if a parcel is lost or damaged. This feature allows other players to create a better perception among consumers with respect to speed. Dependability Dependability is, of course, about consistency. An organization’s processes have to be geared up to consistently meeting a promised delivery time for a product or service. Customers are unlikely to be satisfied by an increase in delivery speed if it is not matched by consistent performance. This will require that an organization has systems in place to identify problems early and be flexible enough in its planning to be able to move to a plan B as necessary. The dependability of India post is an issue.Though its registered post is known for dependability in terms of security and handling, but the consistency in speed is still a concern in terms of dependability. The targeted dependability of 95% deliveries on time is far from the reality. Though a lot of premium services are delivered on time, but the general posts are often delayed or sometimes are even lost. When talked to an employee working in India Post, Dependability came out as one of the major reasons why people prefer high priced courier services provided by competitors over India Post. Structural Decisions An effective operations organization is one that meets the need of strategic business units competitive strategy.Therefore, once the type of differentiation has been specified , management must ensure that its operations organization is configured and managed in such a way that there is no one best way for dealing with any business problem – whether one is making, delivering, or selling a service, designing a management information / quality system, or measuring performance. In every situation, one must make choices that reflect one’s context, goals, resources and personnel. Translating the business strategy int o appropriate tangibles and intangibles involves different structural and infrastructural decisions and tradeoffs. The structural and infrastructural decisions in service industry are derived from manufacturing operations. Structural decisions address all the issues that are relevant to Capacity, Facilities, Process Technology and Sourcing (vertical integration). CapacityCapacity management is defined as â€Å"ensuring a service has the capability to meet the demand experiences, like wise capacity management is a response to demand†. Service delivery process depends on three basic factors to achieve the expected output: 1. Service load that illustrates the variety of service being offered, the variation of demand and the management of demand 2. Capacity task that illustrates forecasting methods, scheduling, bottleneck management, prioritizing and altering capacity that are used to manage capacity task successfully 3. Capacity leakage, in other words the degree that there are quality failures, scheduling losses, labor lateness, labor underperformance and changeovers FacilitiesFacility network is the configuration of an operating network in allocating various service centers and contact points. In Mail Service industry, facility is the reach of agency to the customers at different location and various services that can be offered in that service center keeping in mind the objectives and goals of company. India Post has one of the objectives as â€Å"To provide basic postal facilities, i. e. , collection and delivery of mails, within easy reach (1. 5 kms) of all people and businesses. This is to be achieved through opening of more post offices, relocation of existing post offices, giving out franchisees to individuals, shops, institutions, self-help groups, etc. In order to achieve this objective, they constantly thrive to open new service centers at desirable places and shutoff from redundant locations. Apart from post offices, there are approximately 5. 7 lacs letterboxes, processed by network of Mail Offices and conveyed by rail, road, and airlines all over the country to reach the customers. Postal operations at the post office counter encompass the entire gamut of basic postal service that include sale of stamps, booking of registered articles, insured articles, value payable articles, booking of parcels and other banking transaction. Below data shows the penetration of India Post in rural and urban segment. Year2011201020092008Urban13904089. 78%13918289. 81%13914489. 76%12548980. 94% Rural1582610. 22%1579710. 19%1587110. 24%2954619. 06% Total154866100. 00%154979100. 00%155015100. 00%155035100. 00% State wise presence of post offices in India: Andaman102Dadar and Nagar Haveli39J&K1656 Andhra Pradesh16152Daman & Diu20Jharkhand3092 Arunachal Pradesh295Delhi531Karnataka9761 Assam4023Goa263Kerala5054 Bihar9015Gujarat8934Lakhasdweep10 Chandigarh51Haryana2662MP8031 Chattisgarh3119Himachal Pradesh2778Maharashtra12490 Manipur697Rajasth an10338 Meghalaya475Sikkim209 Mizoram409Tamilnadu11897 Nagaland328Tripura710 Orissa8192U. P. 17584 Pondicherry91Uttarakhand2719 Punjab3842W. B. 8700Each facility center in the network is independent in itself, thereby satisfying the condition of Horizontal Networks, but each central / metro / common facility center is dependent on the traffic / mail at other service centers also, thereby working as Mixed Network Structures. India post has about 387 mail offices to process the mails through its network and conveyed by rail, road, and airlines all over the country. Facility decision in mail service sector includes the office layout, customer support, guidance, and customer interface with employees, basic facilities for employees and services available. India Post is oldest mail service in India and some of the offices of India Post are very old.The ambience, infrastructure, facilities is not comparable to private agency offices, which are equipped with modern infrastructure and facili ties. â€Å"Project Arrow† is a step toward modernization of post offices. It focuses on creating conducive and friendly work environment for staff and customers, information technology enabled services and improving the quality of core business services, primarily focusing in rural areas. It has been implemented in more than 15000 post offices and more post offices are in process of implementation. In comparison to private service providers, India Post has maximum reach, are available at the last mile. Private agencies are working for profit maximization therefore they operate in limited space, and their presence is imited to metro cities and some critical business locations. Due to limited offices and service centers, they have made their offices IT enabled and customer friendly. Process Technology The meaning of the process technology lies behind the meaning of focus. Well-managed service organizations are characterized by a high degree of focus. Better focusing such as th e utilization of classification schemes, refers to †¢to delivery systems that allow customers to have high contact with the system †¢easy segregation / sorting of mails †¢ease of tracking †¢improving the quality of delivery †¢connection of various location with centralized database †¢management information system and database maintenanceAutomation and information technology leads to cost savings, consistent and reliable services, it helps to increases the availability of a service operations and the speed of service delivery process that helps in marketing and customer benefits. In mail service, the level of automation depends on amount of load, types of services, quantity of parcels, cost, and risk appetite of the company. For India Post, the scope of Automation and upgradation in process technology can be defined in many areas: †¢Computerized booking of mails and parcels †¢Segregation / sorting of mail according to destination through bar co de scanner †¢RFID technology to track the consignment location in real time †¢Hand held devices to confirm the delivery status on real time basis †¢Centralized data management Automatic loading of mails in the Transporting Mode †¢Automatic packing of goods and mail to utilize as full load (except in case of lower quantity) †¢Connectivity of all facility centers to check the system information in real time †¢Advance booking and pick up parcel †¢Centralized database to better control the address database of customers India Post is lagging in automation of its process. It has implemented barcode technology in most of its services, but it is not fully supported by its aging staff. Most of the post offices in the rural areas are manually functioning. Many post offices, Mail offices, Administrative offices are not yet computerized.Automatic letter sorting machine is under installation in four metropolitan cities of India, which can increase the sorting s peed to approx. 35000 per hour. In addition, Mixed Mail sorting machine are also under process of implementation to sort large size letters, parcels/packets to the speed of about 16000 per hour. These machines will help to automate the process with better speed, quality and efficiency. As compared to private mail service providers, most of the offices are fully computerized, with full system integration with centralized server. Their offices are connected with real time information system and the core business functions are controlled through IT. Sourcing and Vertical IntegrationSourcing is an important structural aspect of an operations organizations encompasses decision regarding how much of the total work required to create and deliver its services will be done internally and how much can be outsourced from outside organizations. In service industry, outsourcing can reduce the cost of operation. Strategic control in the operation decides the level of outsourcing in mail service. India Post is operating under huge geographical exposure. As a part of its public service, it has to reach to the last consumer in the map. Establishing self-employed service centers at all operating location is costly proposition, therefore to maintain the presence and cost effectiveness it has to outsource some of its activities in the extreme areas of operation. Apart from its front office activities, India Post has scope for outsourcing at almost every stage of operation. Post office maintenance at certain location as per India Post terms and Condition †¢Transportation of dak / mail by road, rail and air through third party agency rather than self procuring the trucks and loaders †¢Deploying a local team for post office maintenance at distant location, but centralized control through district head or regional head post office †¢Dealership and franchise network apart from regular staff †¢Liaison with government organizations and PSU’s to deliver all the mails of govt. institutions through India Post Front office counter franchise India post has a franchise scheme that offers various products and services in urban and upcoming urban areas.Basic features of the Urban franchise model: †¢It provides only counter services, delivery and transmission lies with India post. †¢Provision of services under franchise across the counter for a minimum defined time schedule with flexibility to work round the clock Products and services offered †¢Sale of Stamps and stationery †¢Booking registered articles, speed post articles, money orders, e-post etc. †¢Functioning as an agent for PLI and provide related after sales service, including collection of premia (subject to fulfillment of criteria for PLI agents). †¢Marketing products for which the Department has a corporate agency or tie-up and provide related follow up services (subject to agreement with the other organizations involved). Providing retail and bill/tax/fin e collection/payment services of the Department (Subject to agreement with the other organizations involved) †¢Facilitating the provision of e-governance and citizen-centric services (subject to agreement with the other organizations involved) †¢Any other service introduced by the Department in future through its outlets which is considered amenable to the franchisee model. (subject to agreement with the other organizations involved) Transportation Service The transportation of mail is through various modes 1. By hand 2. Surface line, road transport 3. Surface line, rail transport 4. Air line, Plane transport India Post has manages mail transportation with their own facilities as well as third party service providers. India post has huge employee base to deliver the post by hand to the recipients, but for the transportation on surface and air, it has its own vehicles and also arrangements with third party logistics vendors.Air transport – international deliveries, I ndia Post has tie-up with premier DHL logistics Mail Motor Services (MMS) – For transmission of mail between mail offices and post offices between cities, India Post has its own fleet of 1282 vehicles, full-fledged maintenance workshop facilities Rail transport – for long distance transmission of mails, India Post has tie-up with Indian Railways Scope for Sourcing 1. Road transportation – India post can outsource the transmission of mails between cities and reduce the load of maintenance and fixed fleet expenses, third party service dedicated to India Post can help in focusing on timely delivery and maintenance of quality service. It offload the risk of transportation, maintenance expenses, buying-selling of vehicles etc 2. Franchise for rural areas – India Post franchise scheme is primarily for Urban Areas where the post office is justified but cannot be opened.For India Post, the focus of expanding the reach should be associated with cost factor. As in urban areas, the cost of opening a post office would be high. Similarly, operating cost in the far distant rural areas will also be high. In order to minimize the cost of operation, India Post can outsource some of its urban offices, and similarly rural office, where the cost of operation for local would be lesser than setting up self-employed service centers. 3. Long-term contracts with Customers – India Post can leverage on its wide presence, and govt. institution tag for getting long-term contracts with other govt. institutions and PSUs for delivery of all mails through India Post.This will ensure dedicated source of Income for India Post, and beyond that, it will be a great financial assistance to serve the rural areas. Infrastructural Decisions A company’s operations infrastructure is composed of its policies and systems governing a number of activities, from capital budgeting and equipment selection to organizational structure. Each of these systems often has rep ercussions and implications for other infrastructural and structural elements. Resource allocation and capital budgeting systems Human Resource systems India Post has workforce, which is old aged, there has been no fresh recruitment in India Post from many years for junior and senior level management positions.In the present system, where consumer are growing at fast pace, and the technology and information system is growing in the industry, there is need of well-informed and responsive workforce that can understand the existing IT and customers need. Due to aging workforce, computer literacy among the employees is not at par and training and development of employees has taken a back step in the policies of India Post. Although, India Post organizes many training program for its middle / senior level management employees but due to aging factor, the life expectancy in the organization as well the contribution in the organization is limited. Work Planning and Control systems Quality systemsThe quality system has been focused upon by India post since 2005-06. With the prioritization of computerization in 2006-07 for the development of India post, the Government has laid focus on improving service levels and to enable electronic networking of about 1, 30,000 rural Post Offices. Recently, A Plan costing Rs. 1877. 2 Crores has been formulated to computerize the Post Offices in Rural areas to further improvise on this front. Project Arrow was launched in April 2008. The project envisages up gradation of Post Offices in urban and rural areas both in terms of upgrading and enhancing the quality of service in â€Å"core areas† and improving their â€Å"look and feel†.The project aims at creating a conducive and friendly work environment both for the staff and the customers visiting the Post Offices, providing all IT enabled services through secure connectivity, improving the service quality levels in the core business areas e. g. Mail delivery, Remittance s both electronic and manual and Postal Savings schemes. The â€Å"Look and Feel† activity focuses on improvement in Branding, Information Technology, Human Resource and Infrastructure. Based on the audit report of Project Arrow conducted over 50 post offices of 10 states: 1. In terms of Performance on Mail Delivery, Registered letter performances were 99 %, where as the figures for Ordinary mail varied between 94 to 100%. For Speed post it ranged between 98 to 99 %. 2.In terms of time taken for delivery of letters, post offices scored between 90 to 92% during the 3 rounds of Audit though a higher score was expected. Till June 2012, the Project has been implemented in respect of monitoring of core areas in more than 15,500 Post Offices and â€Å"Look and Feel† has been improved in 1,530 Post Offices. The Government has recently started a new Automated Mail Processing Centre (AMPC) in Delhi on August 20, 2012 to improve mail quality with next-generation sorting centres and to modernize the mail processing operations at India Post. The new letter sorting machine can sort 35,000 letters per hour, while the mixed mail sorter can process 20,000 letters, packets and small parcels an hour.The automated sorting systems should â€Å"considerably† improve sorting errors and improve the quality of mail services, the government said, with the new mixed mail sorter scanning tracking barcodes automatically as items are being sorted. Processing efficiency should also improve because mail can be sorted in a single run, while manual sorting had required a second stage of sorting. As per an interview given by Siemens, the developer of AMPC, to the media; â€Å"The automation route will â€Å"significantly† reduce processing time and save â€Å"considerable† cost for the Indian postal department. Handwriting or language is no longer a barrier as the special IVR by Siemens can read various scripts e. g. Greek, Cyrilic, Arabic, Chinese, English, Hindi.For the postal centers at Delhi and Kolkata, this machine will be able to read English and Hindi and as a result will enable Department of Post to provide better and more efficient services with hig h level of productivity† . From quality aspects as such, the ministry is taking measures like the introduction of AMPC and Project Arrow to improvise the quality. Still, a lot of rural villages are not computerized and timely delivery of mails has been a major issue. Also, the technologies like AMPC need to reach out to more major cities for further reducing the cost and improve service levels. The Government provides money bank guarantee of Rs 500 on damage or loss of any parcel but no specifications regarding this are provided.As such, a lot of people prefer other courier services to send valuable or important mails/parcels. Measurement and reward systems One of the major problems with India post is the undefined promotion structure. The employees are bound for a fixed pay and no variable pay/ Incentives are provided. The promotion is based on experience rather than utility/ quality and irrespective of poor showing at work, job security is provided which makes the system lazy. Frequent transfer of employees and low growth potential for an individual are few other concerns which needs to be addressed upon along with a continuous feedback system of employees. Product and process development systemsIndia Post although the oldest and most significant player in mail service but with time the competitors has taken a lead and the social obligation of India Post has put them in back step in process development, improvement and fast implementation. The project team for process improvisation works on the guidelines given by the members after approval for the Ministry of Telecommunications and IT, larger projects has to get the approval from the ministry before commencement. Organization structure The organization structure of India Post is a complex organizati on structure (Exhibit 1). It has many vertical layers and simultaneously horizontal divisions. India Post is a government body, therefore the bureaucratic organization structure is inevitable, it has members deputed by Govt. of India as well as personnel that are recruited by India Post itself.Due to various business dimensions (postal mail service, PF fund, MNREGA fund, Bank, Finance, Forex etc) of India Post, each business vertical is treated as separate business unit and therefore makes the structure more complex. The organization structure is a centralized, and bureaucratic, power to take decision lies with the senior management and staff is primarily to do the regular business / operational activities. Operations Strategy for India Post Considering, the fact that India post is the Govt. institutional body and their prime focus is to serve the mass market by offering its services at lowest possible rates with high quality and good speed.In addition, India Post desires to be self -sustaining organization, it involves trade-offs between operation strategy matrix parameters (Price, Quality, Dependability, Flexibility and Speed). They can make their product primarily in two segments: 1. Business Mails2. General Mails General Mails – it is for mass market focusing on public, for cost sensitive customers (primarily poor people), delivery of mails to any location with a specified time delivery. Business Mails – it is specialized service, other than just sending mails (other than General Mails), the prices should be competitive with other private players, delivery time specified, service customization as required by the customers. E. g. speed post, registered post, logistics, parcels and box parcel etc. Exhibit 1 : Organization Structure, India Post